Synchrotron x-ray scattering: Probing structure for the structure-function relationship / Elaine DiMasi -- In situ x-ray scattering from molecular templates and nucleating minerals at organic-water interfaces / Benjamin D. Stripe and Pulak Dutta -- Electron backscatter diffraction for biomineralization / Maggie Cusack and Peter Chung -- Infrared spectroscopy and imaging / Adele L. Boskey -- Raman spectroscopy in biomineralization / Karen Esmonde-White and Francis Esmonde-White -- Chemical mapping with x-ray absorption spectroscopy / Yannicke Dauphin and Murielle Salomé -- Local structure development: Characterization of biominerals using x-ray absorption spectroscopy / Yael Politi and Ivo Zizak -- Soft x-ray scanning transmission spectro-microscopy / Julie Cosmidis and Karim Benzerara -- Photoemission spectromicroscopy for the biomineralogist / Pupa U.P.A. Gilbert -- Solid-state NMR spectroscopy: A tool for molecular-level structure analysis and dynamics / Melinda J. Duer -- The realities of disordered or unfolded proteins: Relevance to biomineralization / John Spencer Evans -- Exploring dynamics at the biomolecule-crystal interface using real-time in situ atomic force microscopy / S. Roger Qiu -- In situ atomic force microscopy as a tool for investigating assembly of protein matrices / Sungwook Chung and James J. De Yoreo -- Transmission electron microscopy in biomineralization research: Advances and challenges / Elia Beniash, Archan Dey, and Nico A.J.M. Sommerdijk -- X-ray computed tomography / Xianghui Xiao and Stuart R. Stock -- SIMS method and examples of applications in coral biomineralization / Claire Rollion-Bard and Dominique Blamart -- Molecular simulation of biomineral nucleation and crystal growth: Modern computational challenges and approaches / Yang Yang, Zhijun Xu, Qiang Cui, and Nita Sahai -- Application of enhanced sampling approaches to the early stages of mineralization / Adam F. Wallace -- Direct measurement of interaction forces and energies with proximal probes / Raymond W. Friddle -- Measuring forces between structural elements in composites: From macromolecules to bone / Philipp J. Thurner and Orestis L. Katsamenis -- Mechanical and interface properties of biominerals: Atomistic to coarse-grained modeling / Arun K. Nair, Flavia Libonati, Zhao Qin, Leon S. Dimas, and Markus J. Buehler -- Whole organ deformation analysis by digital optical metrology / Paul Zaslansky and Ron Shahar -- Illustrating biodiversity: The power of an image / James C. Weaver and Elaine DiMasi.